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15 May 2026
Achieving 224 Gbps PAM4: New Interconnect Methods to Ensure Signal Integrity
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Successfully delivering 224 Gbps PAM4 signals requires careful analysis of signal integrity and thermal effects. This paper explains how 224 Gbps PAM4 systems differ from previous generations in terms of interconnects, what technologies and methodologies enable 224 Gbps PAM4 interconnects, and what may be required to reach beyond 224 Gbps.